Quality of life of women who underwent breast cancer treatment relative to sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors

ABSTRACT Objective Patients with cancer often undergo multiple extended treatments that decrease their quality of life. However, the quality of life of women with breast cancer after they undergo treatment remains underexplored in Brazil. Therefore, this study determined sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors related to the post-treatment quality of life of women with breast cancer. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 101 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2014 and 2016 and treated at a Brazilian Oncology Reference Service. Data were collected from them using face-to-face surveys. Quality of life was evaluated using the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and EORTC Breast Cancer-specific Quality of Life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-BR23). The data collected were analyzed using Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results The median score on the global health, functional, and symptom scales of the EORTC QLQ-C30 was 75.00 (Interquartile range=33.33), 75.99 (Standard deviation [SD]=19.26), and 19.67 (SD=16.91), respectively. The mean score on the functional and symptom scales of the EORTC QLQ-BR23 was 61.89 (SD=17.21) and 20.12 (SD=16.94), respectively. Furthermore, higher post-treatment quality of life was found to be associated with being aged 50 or more, being Black, having eight or more years of education, having a partner, having a paying job, receiving treatment from the private healthcare system, having a higher income, living in the municipality where healthcare services are availed, engaging in physical activity, not smoking, being more religious, having more social support, not being overweight, having no comorbidities, and undergoing lumpectomy. Conclusion Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors significantly impact the quality of life of women who undergo breast cancer treatment. Implementing interventions that improve health and reducing inequalities in the access to healthcare services can improve the quality of life of these patients.

Sociodemographic inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 in National Household Sample Survey cohort, Brazil, 2020 / Desigualdades sociodemográficas na incidência de COVID-19 em coorte da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios, Brasil, 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association between sociodemographic factors and the time until the occurrence of new cases of COVID-19 and positive tests for SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil, during the period from May to November 2020, based on a cohort of Brazilians participating in the COVID-19 National Household Sample Survey. Methods: A concurrent and closed cohort was created using monthly data from the PNAD COVID-19, carried out via telephone survey. A new case was defined based on the report of the occurrence of a flu-like syndrome, associated with loss of smell or taste; and positivity was defined based on the report of a positive test, among those who reported having been tested. Cox regression models were applied to verify associations. The analyzes took into account sample weighting, calibrated for age, gender and education distribution. Results: The cumulative incidence of cases in the overall fixed cohort was 2.4%, while that of positive tests in the fixed tested cohort was 27.1%. Higher incidences were observed in the North region, in females, in residents of urban areas and in individuals with black skin color. New positive tests occurred more frequently in individuals with less education and healthcare workers. Conclusion: The importance of prospective national surveys is highlighted, contributing to detailed analyzes of social inequalities in reports focused on public health policies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e o tempo até a ocorrência de novos casos de COVID-19 e de testes positivos para Sars-CoV-2 no Brasil, durante o período de maio a novembro de 2020, com base em uma coorte dos brasileiros participantes da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios COVID-19. Métodos: Foi constituída uma coorte concorrente e fechada utilizando dados mensais da Pnad COVID-19, realizada por inquérito telefônico. Um caso novo foi definido com base no relato da ocorrência de um quadro de síndrome gripal, associado à perda de olfato ou paladar; e a positividade foi definida com base no relato de um teste positivo, entre os que referiram ter sido testados. Foram aplicados modelos de regressão de Cox para verificar associações, considerando a ponderação amostral, calibrada para a distribuição etária, de sexos e de escolaridade. Resultados: A incidência acumulada de casos na coorte fixa geral foi de 2,4%, enquanto a de testes positivos na coorte fixa testada foi de 27,1%. Verificou-se maiores riscos nas regiões Centro-Oeste, Norte e Nordeste, entre mulheres, residentes em áreas urbanas, pessoas com escolaridade até o ensino médio, com a cor da pele declarada como preta e trabalhadores da área da saúde. Indivíduos com menor escolaridade e profissionais de saúde apresentaram maior frequência de novos testes positivos. Novos testes positivos ocorreram com maior frequência em indivíduos com menor escolaridade e trabalhadores da área da saúde. Conclusão: Foram observados riscos desiguais entre os estratos populacionais comparados. Destaca-se a importância da realização de inquéritos nacionais prospectivos na investigação de iniquidades em saúde.

Health profile and training habits of 42k marathoners, temuco chile / Perfil de salud y hábitos de entrenamiento de maratonistas 42k, temuco chile / Perfil de saúde e hábitos de treinamento de maratonistas de 42k, temuco chile

ABSTRACT Context: participation of runners in marathons increases each year, making them an attractive population to investigate. In Chile, the characteristics of marathoners in decentralized and emerging races, such as the Temuco Araucanía International Marathon (MITA), are not yet known. Objective: to describe health profile, sociodemographic characteristics, and training habits of the 42K runners enrolled in MITA during the years 2017, 2018 and 2019. Methods: Non-probabilistic convenience sample composed of people over 18 years of age, who signed informed consent. The data were obtained through a survey prepared by the authors, and were analyzed with the statistical program Stata 16.0 to describe the group based on the variables of health profile, sociodemographic characteristics and training habits. Results: 135 adult marathoners were included (n=42-2017, n=45-2018, n=48-2019). The mean age was 39.5±9.1 years and 86.6% were men. Fifteen percent self-reported comorbidities, 96.7% were non-smokers, 80% were normal weight, 65% had a high educational level and 87% were workers. Regarding training habits, it is noteworthy that the frequency was 4.9±1 days per week, with a mean duration of 89±1 minutes per session. Finally, 71.9% of the sample reported doing high intensity training. Conclusions: the MITA 42K runners are generally healthy subjects, nonsmokers and without comorbidities; mostly men, normal weight, middle age, with a high educational level and workers. They present a high frequency of weekly training, with an average duration of 90 minutes per session, this being carried out at high intensity by almost 2/3 of the sample. Knowledge of the health profile and training habits of runners is a first step to responsibly generate guidelines that contribute to strengthening the safe practice of this sport. Level of Evidence IV; Descriptive and Cross-Sectional Study.

RESUMEN Introducción: la participación de corredores en maratones aumenta cada año, convirtiéndolos en una población atractiva de investigar. En Chile, aún no se conocen las características de maratonistas de carreras descentralizadas y emergentes, como la Maratón Internacional Temuco Araucanía (MITA). Objetivo: describir el perfil de salud, las características sociodemográficas y los hábitos de entrenamiento de los corredores de 42K, inscriptos en MITA durante los años 2017, 2018 y 2019. Métodos: Muestra no probabilística por conveniencia mayores de 18 años, que firmaron el término de consentimiento informado. Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de la aplicación de una encuesta de elaboración original, analizados con programa estadístico Stata 16.0 para describir al grupo en función de las variables perfil de salud, sociodemográficas y hábitos de entrenamiento. Resultados: Se incluyeron 135 adultos maratonistas (n=42-2017, n=45-2018, n= 48-2019) La edad promedio fue de 39,5±9,1 años y 86,6% fueron hombres. El 15% auto reportó comorbilidades, 96,7% eran no fumadores; 80% eran normopeso, con un 65% de participantes con nivel educacional alto y 87% trabajadores. En cuanto a los hábitos de entrenamiento, se destaca que la frecuencia es de 4,9±1 días por semana, con una duración media de 89±1 minutos por sesión y finalmente, el 71,9% de la muestra reporta realizar entrenamiento de alta intensidad. Conclusiones: los corredores 42K del MITA son en general sujetos sanos, no fumadores y sin comorbilidades; en su mayoría hombres, normopeso, de edad media, con un nivel educacional alto y trabajadores. Presentan una alta frecuencia de entrenamiento semanal, con una duración promedio de 1:30 minutos por sesión, siendo realizada a alta intensidad casi 2/3 de la muestra. El conocimiento del perfil de salud y hábitos de entrenamiento de los corredores, constituye un primer paso para generar, de forma responsable, lineamientos que contribuyan a fortalecer la práctica segura de este deporte. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Estudio Descriptivo y Transversal.

RESUMO Introdução: a participação de corredores em maratonas aumenta a cada ano, tornando-os uma população atrativa para investigação. No Chile, ainda não são conhecidas as características dos maratonistas em corridas descentralizadas e emergentes, como a Maratona Internacional Temuco Araucanía (MITA). Objetivo: descrever o perfil de saúde, características sociodemográficas e hábitos de treinamento dos corredores de 42K inscritos no MITA durante os anos de 2017, 2018 e 2019. Métodos: Amostra não probabilística de conveniência composta por pessoas maiores de 18 anos, que assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de um questionário elaborado pelos autores e foram analisados com o programa estatístico Stata 16.0 para descrever o grupo com base nas variáveis de perfil de saúde, características sociodemográficas e hábitos de treinamento. Resultados: foram incluídos 135 maratonistas adultos (n=42-2017, n=45-2018, n=48-2019). A média de idade foi de 39,5±9,1 anos e 86,6% eram homens. Comorbidades autorreferidas 15%, 96,7% não fumantes, 80% eutróficos, 65% com alta escolaridade e 87% trabalhadores. Em relação aos hábitos de treino, destaca-se que a frequência foi de 4,9±1 dias por semana, com duração média de 89±1 minutos por sessão. Por fim, 71,9% da amostra relatou fazer treinamento de alta intensidade. Conclusões: os corredores do MITA 42K são indivíduos geralmente saudáveis, não fumantes e sem comorbidades; em sua maioria homens, eutróficos, de meia idade, com alto nível educacional e trabalhadores. Apresentam uma elevada frequência de treino semanal, com duração média de 90 minutos por sessão, sendo este realizado em alta intensidade por quase 2/3 da amostra. O conhecimento do perfil de saúde e hábitos de treino dos corredores é um primeiro passo para gerar com responsabilidade orientações que contribuam para o fortalecimento da prática segura deste esporte. Nível de Evidência IV; Estudo Descritivo e Transversal.

Assessment of sociodemographic and psychological well-being of primary school teachers

Abstract Background Teaching is very stressful and demanding and it intensifies psychological and related disorders compared to other occupations. Most teachers in Nigeria are battling emotional distress, burnout, depression, and anxiety due to excess workload, which has affected their psychological well-being. This study assessed the sociodemographic and psychological well-being of primary school teachers in Enugu State, Nigeria. Methods This is a study with a cross-sectional design. The psychological well-being of 254 primary school teachers was assessed using a psychological well-being scale and a sociodemographic information inventory was also used to ascertain their personal information. The data collected were analyzed using chi-square, mean, standard deviation, and bivariate correlation statistics. Results The results showed that the majority of primary school teachers experience unhealthy psychological well-being irrespective of age, gender, working status, qualification, and years of teaching experience. These teachers' sociodemographic variables are significantly correlated with psychological well-being. Only location is not significantly correlated with psychological well-being. Conclusion Therefore, this study concluded that primary school teachers' psychological well-being is not positive or healthy and is significantly related to their sociodemographic characteristics.

Características sociodemográficas associadas ao baixo peso e ao excesso de peso em adultos com 50 anos ou mais (ELSI-Brasil): diferenças entre sexos / Sociodemographic characteristics associated with underweight and overweight in adults aged 50 years and over (ELSI-Brasil): differences between sexes / Características sociodemográficas asociadas al bajo peso y al sobrepeso en adultos de 50 años o más (ELSI-Brasil): diferencias entre sexos

Os objetivos foram descrever a prevalência de baixo peso e excesso de peso, avaliados pelo índice de massa corporal (IMC), estratificada por sexo e faixa etária, e analisar as características sociodemográficas associadas ao IMC em mulheres e homens mais velhos. Trata-se de uma análise transversal de 8.974 participantes com ≥ 50 anos da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil, 2015-16). O IMC foi classificado em baixo peso, eutrofia e excesso de peso de acordo com a idade do participante. Foi utilizado modelo de regressão logística multinominal, considerando-se as características sociodemográficas de mulheres e homens. Os resultados evidenciaram maior prevalência de excesso de peso nas mulheres em comparação aos homens (64,1% vs. 57,3%). Em ambos os sexos, a prevalência de baixo peso foi maior nos mais longevos, enquanto que o excesso de peso foi menor. Nas mulheres, a chance de baixo peso foi maior do que a chance de eutrofia naquelas solteiras/viúvas/divorciadas (OR = 1,95; IC95%: 1,42-2,66) e nas residentes na área rural (OR = 1,58; IC95%: 1,01-2,49), ao passo que a chance de excesso de peso foi menor do que a chance de eutrofia nas residentes na área rural (OR = 0,78; IC95%: 0,62-0,97) e em todas as macrorregiões geográficas relativas à Região Sul. Para os homens, a chance de excesso de peso foi menor do que a chance de eutrofia entre solteiros/viúvos/divorciados (OR = 0,58; IC95%: 0,48-0,69). Os mais ricos apresentaram menor chance de baixo peso (OR = 0,59; IC95%: 0,38-0,90), bem como maior chance de excesso de peso (OR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,20-1,92). Em conclusão, as características sociodemográficas associadas ao IMC diferiram entre os sexos.

The objective were to describe the prevalence of underweight and overweight, assessed by body mass index (BMI), stratified by sex and age group, and to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics associated with BMI in older women and men. This is a cross-sectional analysis of 8,974 participants aged ≥ 50 years from the baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brasil, 2015-2016). BMI was classified as underweight, eutrophy, and overweight according to the participant's age. A multinomial logistic regression model was used, considering the sociodemographic characteristics of women and men. The results showed a higher prevalence of overweight in women compared to men (64.1% vs. 57.3%). In both sexes, the prevalence of underweight was higher in the longest-lived individuals, while overweight was lower. In women, the chance of underweight was higher than the chance of eutrophy in those who were single/widowed/divorced (OR = 1.95; 95%CI: 1.42-2.66) and in those living in rural areas (OR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.01-2.49), while the chance of being overweight was lower than the chance of being eutrophy in those living in rural areas (OR = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.62-0.97) and in all geographic macro-regions related to the South Region. For men, the chance of being overweight was lower than the chance of being eutrophy among single/widowed/divorced individuals (OR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.48-0.69). The richest had a lower chance of being underweight (OR = 0.59; 95%CI: 0.38-0.90), as well as a higher chance of being overweight (OR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.20-1.92). In conclusion, the sociodemographic characteristics associated with BMI differed between the sexes.

Los objetivos fueron describir la prevalencia de bajo peso y sobrepeso, evaluados a través del índice de masa corporal (IMC), estratificada por sexo y grupo de edad, y analizar las características sociodemográficas asociadas al IMC en mujeres y hombres mayores. Se trata de un análisis transversal de 8.974 participantes con ≥ 50 años de la línea de base del Estudio Longitudinal Brasileño sobre el Envejecimiento (ELSI-Brasil, 2015-2016). Se clasificó el IMC en bajo peso, eutrofia y sobrepeso conforme la edad del participante. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística multinomial, teniendo en cuenta las características sociodemográficas de mujeres y hombres. Los resultados evidenciaron una prevalencia más alta de sobrepeso en las mujeres en comparación con los hombres (64,1% vs. 57,3%). En ambos sexos, la prevalencia de bajo peso fue más alta en los grupos de mayor edad, mientras que la prevalencia del sobrepeso fue menor. La chance de bajo peso fue más alta que la chance de eutrofia en las mujeres solteras/viudas/divorciadas (OR = 1,95; IC95%: 1,42-2,66) y en las que viven en el área rural (OR = 1,58; IC95%: 1,01-2,49), mientras que la chance de sobrepeso fue menor que la chance de eutrofia en las que viven en el área rural (OR = 0,78; IC95%: 0,62-0,97) y en todas las macrorregiones geográficas relacionadas a la región Sur. La chance de sobrepeso fue menor que la chance de eutrofia entre los hombres solteros/viudos/divorciados (OR = 0,58; IC95%: 0,48-0,69). Los más ricos presentaron una chance menor de bajo peso (OR = 0,59; IC95%: 0,38-0,90), así como una chance más alta de sobrepeso (OR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,20-1,92). En conclusión, las características sociodemográficas asociadas al IMC difirieron entre los sexos.

O impacto da pandemia da Covid-19 na saúde mental de estudantes universitários / The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of university students / El impacto de la pandemia de Covid-19 en la salud mental de los estudiantes universitarios

A pandemia pelo SARS-CoV-2 é um dos maiores desafios sanitários em escala global. Devido estado de emergência, uma série de medidas de controle e prevenção foram adotadas, como distanciamento social e redução das reuniões públicas. Nesse cenário, buscou-se avaliar a saúde mental de estudantes de uma instituição privada de Ensino Superior diante da pandemia. Esta pesquisa trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo desenvolvido na Faculdade do Vale do Jaguaribe, localizada em Aracati-CE. A coleta de dados ocorreu de dezembro de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021, utilizando formulário eletrônico contendo variáveis sociodemográficas, epidemiológicas e relativas aos diferentes aspectos da saúde mental do estudante frente a pandemia da COVID-19. A análise foi baseada no cálculo de frequências absolutas e relativas das variáveis além de medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Dos 333 discentes que participaram do estudo, a média de idade foi 25, com variação entre 18 e 56 anos, sendo maioria do sexo feminino (72,7%), autodenominação de cor/etnia parda (72,7%) e não estarem trabalhando (53,8%). A taxa de positividade entre os graduandos para COVID-19 foi de 9% (30). Ao serem questionados sobre como a pandemia alterou seus níveis de estresse ou saúde mental, 75,5% responderam que houve piora. Dentre os sintomas mais relatados no período da quarentena, estavam medo e ansiedade (ambos com 74,2%), seguidos por insegurança (69,7%). Baseados nos achados deste estudo, recomenda-se a incorporação de ações multiprofissionais na atenção aos estudantes dentro da academia. Sugere-se a implantação de um serviço qualificado buscando desenvolver um olhar holístico para os discentes.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has presented itself as one of the greatest health challenges on a global scale. Given the state of public health emergency, a series of control and prevention measures have been adopted, such as social distancing and reduction of public meetings, as in universities. Faced with this scenario, we sought to evaluate the mental health of students from a private institution of Higher Education in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this research was a descriptive cross-sectional study developed at the Faculdade do Vale do Jaguaribe, located in the City of Aracati- CE. Data collection occurred from December 2020 to February 2021, using an electronic form containing sociodemographic and epidemiological variables, as well as variables related to the repercussions in different aspects of the student's mental health when facing the pandemic of COVID-19. The analysis was based on the calculation of absolute and relative frequencies of the variables, as well as measures of central tendency and dispersion. Of the 333 students who participated in the study, the mean age was 25 years, with ages ranging from 18 to 56 years, the majority being female (72.7%), self- denominated as Brown (72.7%), not working when answering the form (53.8%). The positivity rate among undergraduates for COVID-19 was 9% (30/333). When asked how the pandemic altered their stress levels or mental health, 75.5% responded that it had worsened. Among the symptoms most reported by students during the quarantine period were fear and anxiety (both 74.2%), followed by insecurity (69.7%). It is suggested the implementation of a qualified approach service seeking to develop a holistic look for the students.

La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 es uno de los mayores desafíos sanitarios a escala global. Debido al estado de emergencia, se han adoptado una serie de medidas de control y prevención, como el distanciamiento social y la reducción de reuniones públicas. En este escenario, se buscó evaluar la salud mental de los estudiantes de una institución privada de educación superior frente a la pandemia. Esta investigación es un estudio descriptivo transversal desarrollado en la Facultad de Valle de Jaguaribe, ubicada en Aracati-CE. La recopilación de datos se llevó a cabo de diciembre de 2020 a febrero de 2021, utilizando un formulario electrónico que contiene variables sociodemográficas, epidemiológicas y relacionadas con los diferentes aspectos de la salud mental del estudiante frente a la pandemia de COVID-19. El análisis se basó en el cálculo de frecuencias absolutas y relativas de las variables, además de medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. De los 333 estudiantes que participaron en el estudio, la media de edad fue de 25 años, con variación entre 18 y 56 años, siendo la mayoría del sexo femenino (72,7%), autodenominación de la raza / etnia morena (72,7%) y no trabajando (53,8%). La tasa de positividad entre los estudiantes de pregrado para COVID-19 fue del 9% (30). Cuando se les preguntó cómo la pandemia había alterado su nivel de estrés o salud mental, el 75,5% respondió que había empeorado. Entre los síntomas más comunes durante el período de cuarentena, se encontraban el miedo y la ansiedad (ambos con un 74,2%), seguidos de la inseguridad (69,7%). Basados en los resultados de este estudio, se recomienda la incorporación de acciones multiprofesionales en la atención a los estudiantes dentro de la academia. Se sugiere la implementación de un servicio calificado que busque desarrollar una mirada holística hacia los estudiantes.

Assessment of quality-of-life in cancer patients at tertiary care hospital in North India

Introduction: Cancer is a disease that emerges as a result of abnormal cell proliferation and their propensity to spread from one bodily region to another. There are over a hundred different types of cancer that impact individuals all over the world. It is difficult to identify in the early stages, but there are certain warning signals that the cells will turn malignant. Quality of life (QOL) is described by the World Health Organisation as "individuals' perception of life, values, objectives, standards, and interests within the cultural framework of the social environment in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns." QOL assessment in health system is a multidimensional construct that can be measured by evaluating objective levels of health status filtered by the subjective perceptions and expectations of the individual. Aim and Objective: To assess socio-demographic factors and quality of life among cancer patients in tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted at Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital Faridkot district, Punjab (India). The study was conducted for a period of six months after getting approval from Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC). Generic instrument, SF-36 was used to assess the QOL. The study was analyzed on SPSS version 26.0 software. Descriptive and analytical analysis was used to describe the results. Results: Linear regression was conducted to see the relationship of physical functioning score with age and weight of the patients. The descriptive statistics shows the mean and standard deviation of the variable. The mean of physical functioning score was found to be (M = 27.82, SD = 15.635). The physical functioning score and age, weight of the patients in linear regression shows that the age and weight explain 17.5% Conclusion: Treatment revealed that severe and moderate activities restricted nearly half of the assessed patients, with body pain interfering with employment and routine activities. According to the findings of the current study, QOL deteriorates as the disease progresses. Cancer unquestionably has a detrimental influence on patients' quality of life, which is connected to the illness process itself, the therapy administered, and the length of the disease. (AU)

Efecto de factores sociodemográficos en la mortalidad del COVID-19 en Costa Rica: un enfoque geográfico

Introducción: La enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) se ha extendido entre la población de todo el país y ha tenido un gran impacto a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, existen diferencias geográficas importantes en la mortalidad de COVID-19 entre las diferentes regiones del mundo y en Costa Rica. Objetivo: Explorar el efecto de algunos de los factores sociodemográficos en la mortalidad de COVID-19 en pequeñas divisiones geográficas o cantones de Costa Rica. Métodos: Usamos registros oficiales y aplicamos un modelo de regresión clásica de Poisson y un modelo de regresión ponderada geográficamente. Resultados: Obtuvimos un criterio de información de Akaike (AIC) más bajo con la regresión ponderada (927.1 en la regresión de Poison versus 358.4 en la regresión ponderada). Los cantones con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 tuvo una población más densa; bienestar material más alto; menor proporción de cobertura de salud y están ubicadas en el área del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Conclusiones: Una estrategia de intervención de COVID-19 específica debería concentrarse en áreas de la costa pacífica con poblaciones más densas, mayor bienestar material y menor población por unidad de salud.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread among the population of Costa Rica and has had a great global impact. However, there are important geographic differences in mortality from COVID-19 among world regions and within Costa Rica. Objective: To explore the effect of some sociodemographic factors on COVID-19 mortality in the small geographic divisions or cantons of Costa Rica. Methods: We used official records and applied a classical epidemiological Poisson regression model and a geographically weighted regression model. Results: We obtained a lower Akaike Information Criterion with the weighted regression (927.1 in Poisson regression versus 358.4 in weighted regression). The cantons with higher risk of mortality from COVID-19 had a denser population; higher material well-being; less population by health service units and are located near the Pacific coast. Conclusions: A specific COVID-19 intervention strategy should concentrate on Pacific coast areas with denser population, higher material well-being and less population by health service units.

Sociodemographic Factors and Academic Performance of Medicine and Surgery Students in a Course of Gross Human Anatomy / Factores Sociodemográficos y Rendimiento Académico de Estudiantes de Medicina y Cirugía en un Curso de Anatomía Humana Macroscópica

SUMMARY: The learning of human gross anatomy (HGA) is essential for health professionals, as it is key to achieve diagnoses and carry out clinical procedures safely and effectively. It is essential to recognize the main ideas of human anatomy, such as anatomical position and planimetry, and terms of reference and comparison, to understand the general characteristics of the structures, systems, and functions of the human body. However, the academic performance of students in the course of HGA is low, so this study aimed to determine the relationship between sociodemographic data and their academic performance. For this purpose, students of the academic program of Medicine and Surgery enrolled in a HGA course were surveyed on 17 sociodemographic factors. The grades obtained by the students in the three exams taken in the course were recorded and correlated with the answers obtained in the questionnaire. In order to know the students' characteristics and behaviors in each of the variables, descriptive statistics were performed for each of them, the t- student test was used to compare the means of each group. In the event of behavior far from the normal distribution, the non-parametric tests of Mann-Whitney U and Kolmogorov-Smirnov were used. It was found that factors like previous academic university experience, retaking the HGA course, students' health condition, working and studying at the same time and the students' mother's level of education influence in their academic performance.

El aprendizaje de la anatomía macroscópica humana (AMH) es fundamental para los profesionales de la salud, ya que es clave para lograr diagnósticos y realizar procedimientos clínicos de forma segura y eficaz. Es fundamental reconocer las ideas principales de la anatomía humana, como la posición anatómica y la planimetría, y los términos de referencia y comparación, para comprender las características generales de las estructuras, sistemas y funciones del cuerpo humano. Sin embargo, el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes del curso de AMH es bajo, por lo que este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre los datos sociodemográficos y su rendimiento académico. Para ello, se encuestó a estudiantes del programa académico de Medicina y Cirugía matriculados en un curso de AMH sobre 17 factores sociodemográficos. Se registraron las calificaciones obtenidas por los alumnos en los tres exámenes realizados en el curso y se correlacionaron con las respuestas obtenidas en el cuestionario. Para conocer las características y comportamientos de los estudiantes en cada una de las variables se realizó estadística descriptiva para cada una de ellas, se utilizó la prueba t-student para comparar las medias de cada grupo. En caso de comportamiento alejado de la distribución normal, se utilizaron las pruebas no paramétricas de Mann-Whitney U y Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Se encontró que factores como la experiencia académica universitaria previa, retomar el curso AMH, el estado de salud de los estudiantes, trabajar y estudiar al mismo tiempo y el nivel de educación de la madre de los estudiantes influyen en su rendimiento académico.

Estudio sobre la salud mental de una población de niños y niñas escolarizados desde la perspectiva epidemiológica / Study on the mental health of a population of school children from an epidemiological perspective

Resumen Se presentan resultados de una investigación empírica sobre problemas comportamentales en niños y niñas escolarizados entre 6 y 11 años. El objetivo principal es describir, desde la perspectiva epidemiológica, los problemas comportamentales de una muestra clínica (N = 395; edad: . = 7.92 y DE = 1.75) y de una muestra no clínica (N = 363; edad: . = 8.78 años y DE = 1.73). Son objetivos específicos el analizar las diferencias por sexo y variables sociodemográficas en ambos contextos: clínico y no clínico. No se efectuó un estudio comparativo entre ambas muestras. Se administró el formulario Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) y una encuesta sociodemográfica a los adultos responsables. El análisis cuantitativo se efectuó mediante estudios de frecuencia, distribución y asociaciones entre variables con el objetivo de describir a ambas muestras desde el punto de vista de los resultados del CBCL y de las variables sociodemográficas. Se estudiaron asociaciones entre los valores de las escalas de síndromes del CBCL y las variables sociodemográficas mediante el análisis de la varianza (ANOVA). Se obtuvieron asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre la presencia de problemas comportamentales y las condiciones socioeconómicas de la familia: a mayor vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y educativa, mayor deterioro en la salud mental infantil. Este estudio se encontró con la dificultad de las restricciones sanitarias por la pandemia de COVID-19 para continuar el trabajo de campo. Interesa replicar el estudio y considerar el impacto de la pandemia y el presunto deterioro de las variables sociodemográficas. Se debe priorizar la continuidad de una indagación sostenida para un seguimiento de la salud mental infantil.

Abstract This article shows the results of an empirical research study on behavioral and emotional problems in schoolchildren between 6 and 11 years old. From an epidemiological perspective the goal is to describe the behavioral problems of a clinical sample (N= 395, age: . = 7.92 y SD = 1.75) and a non-clinical sample (N = 363, age: M = 8.78 años y DE = 1.73). The specific objectives are to analyze the differences by sex and possible sociodemographic variables in both clinical and non-clinical contexts. A comparative study between both samples is not carried out. We administered the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a sociodemographic survey to the responsible adults. The quantitative analysis was carried out through studies of frequency, distribution and associations among variables in order to describe both samples from the point of view of the CBCL results and of the sociodemographic variables. In order to identify the possible sociodemographic conditioning factors in the childhood and youth psychopathology, we studied the associations among the CBCL syndrome scale scores and the different sociodemographic variables through the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the clinical sample show mental health deterioration in boys and girls compared to previous studies. The increase of the internalizing and externalizing syndrome scores is significant. The prejudices and gender stereotypes constitute obstacles to gain access to mental health services in childhood, especially for girls whose psychological conditions may often go unnoticed. In the non-clinical sample, the gender distribution is even and the total average of average scores is lower compared to studies performed in other populations in previous years. In both samples we observe a significant relation between the psychological and behavioral problems and the socio-economic conditions of the family. The higher the educational and socio-economic vulnerability, the higher the deterioration of the children's mental health. The simultaneous study from the epidemiological perspective in both samples is necessary to detect psychopathological problems in childhood. This study encountered some limitations: the difficulty to continue the field work due to sanitary restrictions because of the COVID-19 pandemic. We want to replicate the study in both samples considering the impact of the pandemic and the alleged deterioration of the sociodemographic variables and family conditions. Another limitation has been the socio-economic homogeneity of the clinical sample. It would be useful in the future to include clinical samples that belong to other socioeconomic sectors who receive mental health care from private medical insurances or medical insurances run by labor unions. The shortage of epidemiological studies on emotional and behavioral problems in children and the lack of research work on the right to receive mental health care in childhood, indicate the absence of this topic in the political agenda. This deficit prevents the implementation of efficient programs to prevent and early detect mental health problems in children, to extend clinical care proposals in the community and to train professionals so that the programs can have an accurate impact on the population. It is a priority to continue the sustained inquiry in both populations in order to ensure the follow-up of the mental health conditions. Also, it would be useful to extend and deepen the analysis incorporating the examination of other family problems such as violence situations, consumption of psychoactive drugs, suicides and other loss situation.

What diseases affect elderly Mexican population? Clinical and socialdemographic characteristics of patients of the psychogeriatric clinic of the National Institute of Psychiatry / ¿De qué se enferman nuestros adultos mayores? Características clínicas y sociodemográficas de los pacientes de la clínica de psicogeriatría del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría

Abstract Introduction The demographic and epidemiological transition, as well as the aging population has changed how older adults are treated in our healthcare system. Objective To establish the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients from the Psychogeriatric Clinic (PC) of the Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry (INPRFM) seen between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2020. Method Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study. A database was created with the information from digital clinical records. No additional scales were used. Statistical analysis performed in SPSS 20.0. Results 2056 records were found, 1247 met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 74.28 years, women 73.46% (n = 916), primary school 46.62% (n = 427), married 35.70% (n = 327), urban area 93.99% (n = 1172), home-based 78.28% (n = 717), low socioeconomic level 59.99% (n = 522). The most common psychiatric pathology was depressive disorders 62.07% (n = 774) and neurocognitive disorders 37.52% (n = 468) due to Alzheimer's disease 17.08% (n = 213), with Mini-Mental State Examination of 18.88 points (± 6.68). They had comorbidities such as arterial hypertension 52.85% (n = 659), diabetes mellitus 23.34% (n = 291) and had a geriatric syndrome in 64.42% (n = 218). Discussion and conclusion Aging in Mexico affects the female population the most. The analysis report from the prevalence for psychogeriatric pathologies of the PC it's for of its kind. The main goal is promoting research on dementias and highlighting the magnitude of the problem for Latin American governments. The results are not intended to be extrapolated to the general population.

Resumen Introducción La transición demográfica y epidemiológica, el subsecuente envejecimiento poblacional, produjeron cambios en los sistemas de salud y cómo se atiende a los adultos mayores. Objetivo Establecer las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes de la Clínica de Psicogeriatría (CP) del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM) que acudieron entre el 1 enero de 2011 y 31 diciembre de 2020. Método Estudio descriptivo, observacional, corte transversal, retrospectivo. Se creó una base de datos con la información de los expedientes clínicos digitales. No se utilizó ninguna escala adicional. Análisis estadístico realizado en SPSS 20.0. Resultados Se encontraron 2056 registros, 1247 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Edad media 74.28 años, mujeres 73.46% (n = 916), primaria 46.62% (n = 427), casadas 35.70% (n = 327), área urbana 93.99% (n = 1172), ocupación hogar 78.28% (n = 717), nivel socioeconómico bajo 59.99% (n = 522). La patología psiquiátrica más común fueron los trastornos depresivos 62.07% (n = 774) y trastorno neurocognitivo 37.52% (n = 468), por enfermedad de Alzheimer 17.08% (n = 213), con MMSE de 18.88 puntos (± 6.68). Con comorbilidades como hipertensión arterial 52.85% (n = 659), diabetes mellitus 23.34% (n = 291) y tenían síndromes geriátricos en 64.42% (n = 218). Discusión y conclusión El envejecimiento se observa principalmente en las mujeres mexicanas. Reporte del análisis de las prevalencias puntuales de las patologías psicogeriátricas de la CP. Primero en su tipo. Se intenta fomentar la investigación en las demencias y resaltar la magnitud del problema en los países latinoamericanos para sus gobiernos. Los resultados no pretenden ser extrapolados a la población general.

Socio-Demographic, Clinical and Diabetes Status of Foot Ulcer Patients

Background: Foot ulcers are considered as a serious complication, especially for patients with diabetes. People with diabetes and people with peripheral vascular disease are more likely to develop foot ulcers. If an infection occurs in an ulcer and is not treated in the proper way, it can develop into cellulitis, osteomyelitis, or gangrene that may require some part of the toe, foot, or lower leg to be amputated. The aim of this study was to find the socio-demographic, clinical, and diabetes status of foot ulcer patients. Material & Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, during the period from March 2012 to August 2012. In total 100 patients with foot ulcers in the different surgical units of the mentioned hospital were enrolled in this study as study subjects. Data from the study regarding age, sex, occupation, smoking habit, and socio-demographic condition were recorded in the prescribed questionnaire. The purposive sampling technique was used for this study. All data were processed, analyzed, and disseminated using MS Excel and SPSS version 23 programs as necessary. Results: In this study, the male-female ratio of the participants was 2:1. The maximum number of patients (42%) were from the age of 51-60 years and the highest number of patients were housewives (28%), followed by farmers (22%). Among the total male patients, 87.88% were smokers. Low HDL was found in 51% of patients and 68% of patients had been suffering from diabetes mellitus,18% from Buerger’s disease and 6% from atherosclerosis, and 8% from malignant foot ulcer. Most of the diabetic patients (95.59%) were hyperglycemic on admission and 55.88% had diabetes for 6-10 years. On admission, 3 patients (4.41%) had controlled blood sugar and 65 patients (95.59%) had uncontrolled blood sugar. Conclusion: The frequency of foot ulcers among the male population was higher than that in females. Concerning occupation of the patients, housewives and farmers were the most prevalent. Smokers were most affected groups among the study population. Pre-diagnosed diabetes mellitus for a long period was one of the major clinical issues in most of the patients. Uncontrolled blood sugar was also seen in majority of the patients regarding clinical background.

Assess the Depression and Quality of Life among Women Suffering from Selected Gynaecological Cancers Attending Oncology Units of Selected Hospitals

Backgrounds: Gynecological cancers are significant and probable life-threatening diseases that harm patients' physical and psychological health. The leading cause of death in female抯 psychological problems like depression endure and can cause an extra burden during their treatment. Therefore, this study helps evaluate depression and well-being among gynaecological malignancies. Methods: Women's depression was evaluated by a standardized CES-D Scale and QOL by WHOQOL Bref scale, a sample of 100 women with cancers admitted at HSK and Kerudi cancer hospital, Bagalkot was selected using a purposive sampling technique, descriptive survey design was adopted. Statistical data were tested and scrutinized using descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: 100% of women had moderate depression. The mean percentage of depression score was 61.45% with mean and SD (37�9). Of the women, 71 % had moderate, 21%had poor, and 8% had good QOL. The mean percentage of QOL of women was 48.1% with mean and SD (62.5�.1). A Strong relation was found between depression scores with your family members known to you (?=4.52, p<0.05), Area of residence (?=3.88, p<0.05), and whether you have undergone previously any surgery for the treatment of cancer (?=8.93, p<0.05). No association was found between QOL scores with study variables. A Negative correlation (r=-0.27, p<.05) was found between depression and Total QOL scores. Conclusion: Most patients have moderate depression and moderate QOL. This study is effective in identifying depression and QOL

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Early Identification and Prevention of Thyroid Disorders among Women

Background: One of the utmost prominent illnesses in India is thyroid disease, and it has a significant impact on women of childbearing age. Various metabolic processes are regulated by the thyroid gland. Therefore, any abnormalities in this organ may cause those physiological functions to become dysfunctional. The postpartum period and pregnancy both frequently include thyroid problems. Method: Total 50 women are included as the sample. A convenient sampling method was used. A structured knowledge questionnaire was used to gather information, and Chi-square analysis was used to uncover the relationship between knowledge about thyroid disorders with socio-demographic factors. Result: The post-test results show that 50% of women were having good knowledge and 42% of women were having average knowledge. According to the pre-test, (68%) of women had inadequate knowledge and (32%) average knowledge. The computed knowledge 憈�-value (14.05) for the degree of freedom 49 and 0.05% level of significance was considerably greater than the table value (1.96). As a result, the planned teaching method worked. Conclusion: After evaluation of knowledge on the subject of thyroid disorders, it was found that most women had average knowledge regarding thyroid disorders. As a result, research has shown that STP was quite helpful in raising women's awareness of thyroid issues.

Sociodemographic and academic characteristics of the admission profile of students, faculty of dentistry, University of Costa Rica 2007-2014 / Características sociodemográficas y académicas del perfil de ingreso de estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica 2007-2014

The objective of this research was to determine some of the sociodemographic and academic characteristics of the students who entered the Dentistry career in the period 2007 to 2014. Data was collected from 673 student files. The variables considered were sex, admission age, marital status, children, nationality, place of origin, high school of origin, and admission exam score. The data was obtained from the database of the Student Applications System, the physical files, and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal of Costa Rica. Descriptive statistics were performed, establishing the absolute and relative frequency of the variables. The Mann-Whitney test was used to determine if there were statistically significant differences between the admission exam and the established sociodemographic variables (p<0,05, IC 95%). 68,4% of the students are female. The average age was 18.4 years (SD=2,41). 99,0% of the students are from Costa Rica. 99,3% were single and only 0,9% had children. The largest number of students entered through an admission exam (78.9%) and 50.7% studied at a public high school. Regarding the address, 77.9% of the subjects resided in the Greater Metropolitan Area. The average grade of the admission exam was 613,8 (SD=49,95). There was a statistically significant difference between the entrance exam grade and the different types of high schools of origin. The group of students who entered to train as Dentists at the University of Costa Rica from 2007 to 2014 was a population with an average age of entry of 18,4 years, Costa Rican, predominantly female, single, without children, from geographic areas within the Greater Metropolitan Area (GMA), graduated from public schools with an average admission exam grade of 612,2.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar algunas de las características sociodemográficas y académicas de los estudiantes que ingresaron a la carrera de Odontología en el período 2007 al 2014. Se recopilaron los datos de 673 expedientes de los estudiantes. Las variables consideradas fueron: sexo, edad de ingreso, estado civil, hijos, nacionalidad, lugar de procedencia, colegio de procedencia y nota de examen de admisión. Los datos se obtuvieron de la base de datos del Sistema de Aplicaciones Estudiantiles (SAE), los expedientes físicos y del Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones de Costa Rica. Se realizó estadística descriptiva estableciendo la frecuencia absoluta y relativa de las variables. Se empleó el test de Mann Whitney para determinar si existían diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el examen de admisión y las variables sociodemográficas establecidas (p<0,05, IC 95%). El 68,4% de los estudiantes pertenecen al sexo femenino. La edad promedio fue de 18,4 años (DS=2,41). El 99,0% de los discentes son de nacionalidad costarricense. El 99,3% eran solteros y sólo el 0,9% tenían hijos. La mayor cantidad de estudiantes ingresaron por examen de admisión (78,9%) y el 50,7% cursó sus estudios en un colegio público. Respecto al domicilio, el 77,9% de los sujetos residían en el Gran Área Metropolitana. El promedio de nota del examen de admisión fue de 613,8 (DS=49,95). Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la nota del examen de admisión y los diferentes tipos de colegios de procedencia. El grupo de estudiantes que ingresaron a formarse como Odontólogos en la Universidad de Costa Rica en el periodo de 2007 al 2014 fue una población con un promedio una edad de ingreso de 18,4 años predominantemente femenina, costarricense, soltera, sin hijos, proveniente de áreas geográficas dentro del Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM), egresadas de colegios públicos con un promedio de nota de examen de admisión de 612,2.

Reporte preliminar de las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con hemopatías malignas: experiencia de un hospital universitario

Introducción: debido a su amplia diversidad clínica y biológica, es de gran importancia para el médico conocer cómo se presentan los pacientes diagnosticados con una hemopatía maligna. Objetivo: describir las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de una hemopatía maligna que consultaron en un Hospital Universitario de Paraguay. Metodología: estudio observacional, retrospectivo, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con muestreo no probabilístico, de casos consecutivos. Se incluyó a pacientes adultos, de ambos sexos, registrados en el archivo de Hematología del Hospital de Clínicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción (Paraguay), con diagnóstico confirmado por anatomía patológica de una neoplasia hematológica, según la clasificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, durante el periodo comprendido entre enero 2019 y agosto de 2021. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Resultados: se estudió a 129 pacientes. El 58 % correspondía al sexo masculino. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 50,3±17,38. La mayoría de los pacientes procedía del Departamento Central de Paraguay (56,58 %). La mayoría de los pacientes (n=37) fue diagnosticado con un linfoma de tipo no Hodgkin o con una neoplasia con origen en células plasmáticas (n=32). El tiempo promedio de aparición de los síntomas hasta la consulta fue de 3,5 meses. El síntoma más reportado fue la astenia (35 %). La palidez fue el hallazgo positivo más frecuente al examen físico. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial (39,44 %) y la diabetes mellitus (15,59 %). Discusión: el paciente típico con una hemopatía que consulta en el Hospital de Clínicas es hombre, mayor de 50 años, proveniente del Departamento Central, consulta por astenia, presenta palidez al examen físico y ha tardado más de 3 meses en consultar. Se le ha diagnosticado un linfoma no Hodgkin y tiene comorbilidades cardiovasculares o metabólicas.

Introduction: due to their wide clinical and biological diversity, it is of great importance for the physician to know how patients diagnosed with a hematological malignancy present. Objective: to describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with a hematological malignancy who consulted at a University Hospital in Paraguay. Methods: observational, retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases. We included adult patients, of both sexes, registered in the Hematology file of the Hospital de Clínicas of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the National University of Asunción (Paraguay), with diagnosis confirmed by pathological anatomy of a hematological neoplasm, according to the classification of the World Health Organization, during the period from January 2019 to August 2021. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were studied. Results: 129 patients were studied. Fifty-eight percent were male. The mean age of the patients was 50.3±17.38. Most of the patients were from the Central Department of Paraguay (56.58 %). Most of the patients (n=37) were diagnosed with a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or a neoplasm with plasma cell origin (n=32). The average time from symptom onset to consultation was 3.5 months. The most reported symptom was asthenia (35%). Pallor was the most frequent positive finding on physical examination. The most frequent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (39.44%) and diabetes mellitus (15.59%). Discussion: the typical patient with a hemopathy who consults at the Hospital de Clínicas is male, over 50 years of age, from the Central Department, consults for asthenia, presents pallor on physical examination and has taken more than 3 months to consult. He has been diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and has cardiovascular or metabolic comorbidities.

Sistematización teórica para un estudio sobre el envejecimiento poblacional como fenómeno polisémico

El envejecimiento poblacional es uno de los problemas más latentes en la realidad actual cubana. Según cifras de la ONEI la población de más de 60 años asciende a más de dos millones de personas. Este es un fenómeno presente a lo largo del ciclo vital desde el mismo proceso de la concepción hasta la muerte; el que, a pesar de ser un fenómeno natural conocido por todos, ha resultado a muchos difícil aceptarlo como una realidad innata a todo ser. Dada la gran complejidad de los cambios que se producen durante el mismo, no ha de sorprender la existencia de más de 300 teorías a los fines de explicar el dónde, el cómo y el porqué de estos cambios. En el presente artículo se caracteriza doctrinalmente el fenómeno del envejecimiento poblacional en Cuba como proceso irreversible, único, individual, universal de cambio que involucra todas las dimensiones del ser humano y disminuye la velocidad de los procesos del cuerpo; sustentado su análisis en los fundamentos teóricos del mismo, así como en la visión totalizadora, que permite asumirlo como totalidad dialéctica, por ello se asume como objetivo Sistematizar una concepción teórica y metodológica que sustente el carácter polisémico del proceso de envejecimiento de la población. El estudio se desarrolla en el momento actual, como parte de un proceso de investigación que se acomete en el Tribunal Provincial de La Habana.

Population aging is one of the most latent problems in the current Cuban reality. According to ONEI figures, the population over 60 years of age amounts to more than two million people. This is a phenomenon present throughout the life cycle from the very process of conception until death; which, despite being a natural phenomenon known to all, has been difficult for many to accept as an innate reality to all beings. Given the great complexity of the changes that occur during it, it is not surprising that there are more than 300 theories in order to explain the where, how and why of these changes. In this article, the phenomenon of population aging in Cuba is doctrinally characterized as an irreversible, unique, individual, universal process of change that involves all dimensions of the human being, and slows down the processes of the body; Supporting its analysis on its theoretical foundations, as well as on the totalizing vision, which allows it to be assumed as a dialectical totality, for this reason it is assumed as an objective to Systematize a theoretical and methodological conception that supports the polysemic nature of the aging process of the population. The study is being carried out at the present time, as part of an investigation process that is being undertaken in the Provincial Court of Havana.

Trait emotional intelligence as predictor of psychological health in undergraduate medical students: A hierarchical multiple regression approach

Objectives: Trait emotional intelligence (TEI) is a key personality construct by which an individual recognizes, understands, expresses and regulates emotions in self and others to adapt to environments or achieve one’s goals. TEI skills are modifiable and have a potential to significantly influence psychological health (PH) of a person. The aims of current work were to evaluate relationship between TEI and PH of medical students and to explore the incremental validity of TEI to predict psychological distress beyond sociodemographic and educational factors in them. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-two medical students (mean age 18.02 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. TEI and PH were assessed using TEI questionnaire short form (TEIQue-sf) and depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21), respectively. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was carried out to determine if scores on TEIQue-sf added significantly to the prediction of psychological symptoms in medical students. Results: There was a significant negative association (r = ?0.57, P < 0.001) between TEIQue-sf and DASS-21 scores. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that after controlling for sociodemographic and educational variables, TEIQue-sf scores explained a statistically significant increment of variance (P < 0.001) in DASS-21 scores. TEI emerged as best predictor of psychological distress of medical students followed by educational factors. However, sociodemographic profile as an attribute failed to demonstrate significant capacity to predict PH of our participants. Conclusion: Our results indicate that TEI is a robust and unique predictor of better PH and plays a positive role in promoting psychological well-being

Conocimientos en lactancia materna y alimentación complementaria en madres usuarias de los servicios de salud pública de Guatemala / Knowledge of breastfeeding and complementary feeding in mothers who use public health services in Guatemala

: Las prácticas adecuadas de lactancia materna (LM) y de alimentación complementaria (AC) contribuyen al crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños. Con el objetivo de determinar el nivel de conocimientos en LM y AC en madres usuarias de los Servicios de Salud Pública (SSP) de Guatemala, se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, esperando que los resultados sean utilizados para diseñar intervenciones basadas en evidencia. Se diseñó un instrumento de recolección de datos, el cual se utilizó en una muestra de 1,956 madres entre 15 a 49 años. Se entrevistó a madres de niños menores de dos años usuarias de los SSP de los lugares de cobertura del Ejercicio Profesional Supervisado de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva, se calificó cada pregunta en cero (0) para respuesta incorrecta y uno (1) para respuesta correcta, estableciendo el nivel de conocimientos como alto (67 a 100% respuestas correctas), medio (34 a 66% respuestas correctas) o bajo (0 a 33% respuestas correctas), agrupando los resultados según variables sociodemográficas. El nivel de conocimiento sobre LM fue alto en 989 madres (51%), medio en 888 madres (45%) y bajo en 79 madres (4%) con un promedio de nota de 73.2(17.1)[58.2, 88.2] sobre 100 puntos. En cuanto al nivel de conocimiento sobre AC fue alto en 251 madres (13%), medio en 1,608 madres (82%) y bajo en 97 madres (5%) con un promedio de nota de 55.2(12.1)[44.5, 65.8]. Se concluyó que, a menor edad y escolaridad de la madre, mayor porcentaje de nivel bajo de conocimiento en LM y AC.

Appropriate breastfeeding (LM ,from its Spanish initials) and complementary feeding (AC, from its Spanish initials) practices contribute to the growth and development of children. The objective of this work was to determine the level of knowledge in LM and AC in mothers who use Public Health Services (SSP) in Guatemala. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, hoping that the results would be used to design an evidence-based impact. A data collection instrument was built, which was used in a sample of 1,956 mothers between 15 and 49 years of age. Mothers of children under two years of age who are users of the SSP covered by the Nutrition Supervised Professional Practice of the University of San Carlos of Guatemala were interviewed. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, each question was scored zero (0) for an incorrect answer and one (1) for a correct answer, establishing the level of knowledge as high (67 to 100% correct answers), medium (34 to 66% correct answers) or low (0 to 33% correct answers), grouping the results obtained according to sociodemographic variables. The level of knowledge about LM was high in 989 mothers (51%), medium in 888 mothers (45%), and low in 79 mothers (4%) with an average grade of 73.2(17.1)[58.2, 88.2] of a 100 points. Regarding the level of knowledge about AC, it was high in 251 mothers (13%), medium in 1,608 mothers (82%) and low in 97 mothers (5%) with an average grade of 55.2(12.1)[44.5, 65.8] . It was concluded that the lower the age and schooling of the mother, the higher the percentage of low level of knowledge in LM and AC.

Prevalência da prática de atividade física em adolescentes de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Prevalence of physical activity in adolescents of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Prevalencia de práctica de actividad física en adolescentes de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Introdução: A adolescência representa um período crítico na formação de hábitos que perdurarão na idade adulta. A prática de atividade física constante resulta em um bom desenvolvimento escolar, homeostase psíquica e manutenção do peso corporal ideal. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência da prática de atividade física de adolescentes no município de Montes Claros (MG). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal e analítico, realizado em 13 instituições de ensino de Montes Claros (MG) no ano de 2017, utilizando o Questionário sobre Atividade Física Regular (PAQ-C) para avaliar a prática de atividade física, relacionada às variáveis: sexo, faixa etária e série escolar. Participaram alunos de 11 a 14 anos, devidamente matriculados nas últimas quatro séries do ensino fundamental. Realizaram-se análises descritivas e bivariadas com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 897 alunos, com média de idade de 12,64 (±0,98) anos. Dos entrevistados, 48,0% foram considerados moderadamente ativos, seguidos de 29,9% de sedentários e 22,0% de ativos. Observou-se maior prevalência de ativos nos dois primeiros anos do ensino fundamental II, do sexo masculino e mais jovens (p<0,001). A média de horas assistindo à TV de todo o grupo foi de 7,45 (±6,47) horas por dia. Na amostra pesquisada, alunos que estavam com idade entre 13 e 14 anos (p<0,05) passaram mais horas assistindo à TV por dia e tiveram menores escores médios do PAQ-C. A quantidade de horas assistindo TV não foi influenciada pelo nível de atividade física em nenhuma das variáveis. Conclusões: Há alta prevalência de adolescentes do sexo masculino classificados como ativos, assim como alunos com idade entre 11 e 12 anos e nos dois primeiros anos do ensino fundamental II. Contudo, a população analisada apresenta um comportamento sedentário preocupante, tendo em vista a quantidade de horas gastas por esses indivíduos assistindo à TV.

Introduction: Adolescence represents a crucial period in the formation of habits that will last into adulthood. The practice of constant physical activity results in good academic development, psychic homeostasis, and maintenance of ideal body weight. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of physical activity among adolescents in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais (MG). Methods: This is a quantitative, cross-sectional and analytical study, carried out in 13 educational institutions in Montes Claros (MG) in 2017, using the Regular Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ-C) to evaluate the practice of physical activity, related to the variables: gender, age group, and school grade. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed with a significance level of 5%. Results: 897 students were interviewed, with an average age of 12.64 (±0.98) years. Of those interviewed, 48.0% were considered moderately active, followed by 29.9% sedentary and 22.0% active. There was a higher prevalence of active people in the first two years of elementary school II, male and younger people (p<0.001). The average number of hours watching TV for the entire group was 7.45 (±6.47) hours per day. In the surveyed sample, students who were aged between 13 and 14 years (p<0.05) spent more hours watching TV per day and had lower average PAQ-C scores. The number of hours watching TV was not influenced by the physical activity level in any of the variables. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of male adolescents classified as active, as well as students aged between 11 and 12 years and in the first two years of elementary school II. However, the population analyzed presents a worrying sedentary behavior, considering the number of hours spent by these individuals watching TV per day.

Introducción: La adolescencia representa un período crucial en la formación de hábitos que perdurarán hasta la edad adulta. La práctica de actividad física constante redunda en un buen desarrollo académico, homeostasis psíquica y mantenimiento del peso corporal ideal. Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de actividad física entre los adolescentes de la ciudad de Montes Claros, Minas Gerais (MG). Métodos: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y analítico, realizado en 13 instituciones educativas de Montes Claros (MG) en 2017, utilizando el Cuestionario de Actividad Física Regular (PAQ-C) para evaluar la práctica de actividad física, relacionada con las variables: género, grupo de edad y grado escolar. Participaron estudiantes de 11 a 14 años, debidamente matriculados en los últimos 4 grados de la escuela primaria. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y bivariados con un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: fueron entrevistados 897 estudiantes, con una edad promedio de 12,64 (±0,98) años. El 48,0% de los encuestados se consideró moderadamente activo, seguido por el 29,9% sedentario y el 22,0% activo. Hubo mayor prevalencia de activos en los dos primeros años de la enseñanza básica II, varones y de menor edad (p<0,001). El promedio de horas frente a la televisión para todo el grupo fue de 7,45 (±6,47) horas al día. En la muestra encuestada, los estudiantes que tenían entre 13 y 14 años (p<0,05) dedicaban más horas al día a ver la televisión y menor puntuación media en el PAQ-C. El número de horas frente a la televisión no estuvo influenciado por el nivel de actividad física en ninguna de las variables. Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de adolescentes varones clasificados como activos, así como estudiantes con edades entre 11 y 12 años y en los dos primeros años de la enseñanza básica II. Sin embargo, la población analizada presenta un comportamiento sedentario preocupante, considerando la cantidad de horas que estos individuos dedican a ver televisión.